finance

Mega-Backdoor Roth – Part II

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

Xinyi Cindy Yu, CPA/CFP

Partner of CINDIE CPA and EliteCPA P.C. http://www.cindiecpa.com

🚀 The Owner’s Guide to 401(k) Maximization: Achieve a $77,500 Roth Contribution at Minimum Cost

As a business owner, you face a unique challenge: providing a valuable retirement benefit to your team while also maximizing your personal, tax-advantaged savings. When your non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs) are low-income and choose not to contribute, your plan faces mandatory IRS testing that can limit your contributions.

The good news? There is one specific 401(k) design that legally bypasses these limitations and guarantees you can achieve the highest possible Roth savings—up to $77,500 for owners age 50+ (2025 limits)—for the lowest employer cost.

Here is the essential blueprint for your optimized 401(k) plan.

Part I: The Owner’s Contribution Goal (The $77,500 Target)

Your goal is to maximize your contribution to the tax-free Roth bucket. This requires leveraging the Mega Backdoor Roth strategy, which uses three contribution components that must fit under the total Annual Additions cap (Section 415 limit: $70,000 in 2025, plus an additional $7,500 catch-up contribution for owners 50 and older).

Contribution ComponentSource2025 Amount (Owner Age 50+)Purpose
Roth Deferral (Base + Catch-up)Employee Salary$31,000Maxes out the annual deferral limit.
Safe Harbor ContributionEmployer$6,000 (Example: 3%×$200K salary)Required to guarantee compliance.
After-Tax ContributionEmployee Salary$40,500The “Mega Backdoor” contribution, filling the space up to the $70,000 cap.
Total Max Savings$77,500All $77,500 can be converted to or designated as Roth.

This owner goal is fixed—it is the maximum the IRS allows. The challenge is ensuring the plan passes the non-discrimination tests without forcing expensive, unpredictable contributions to your lower-income employees.

Part II: The Optimal Plan Design: The “Free Pass” Solution

The key to minimizing employer cost is to avoid the Actual Contribution Percentage (ACP) Test, which is the test that would restrict the owner’s After-Tax contribution.

🔑 The Solution: The 3% Safe Harbor Nonelective (SHNEC)

To achieve the lowest possible employer cost while maximizing the owner’s contribution, your plan must be structured as follows:

FeatureRequirementWhy It Works
Safe Harbor ChoiceElect the 3% Nonelective Contribution (SHNEC).Automatically satisfies the ADP Test (for deferrals).
Matching ContributionDO NOT OFFER ANY MATCHING CONTRIBUTION.This is the crucial step. Without a match, the SHNEC also automatically satisfies the ACP Test, providing a “free pass” for your Mega Backdoor Roth contributions.
QNEC ProvisionDO NOT RELY ON QNEC.Since the ACP test is automatically satisfied, the costly, corrective QNEC is $0.

The Calculation of the Employer’s Minimum Cost

The only mandatory employer cost is the 3% SHNEC, applied to all eligible employees (owner and NHCE), regardless of whether they contribute.

Using the example of an Owner 200,000$ and NHCE 35,000$ salaries:

Total Minimum Employer Cost = (Owner SHNEC) + (NHCE SHNEC)

Total Minimum Employer Cost = ($200,000 times 3%) + ($35,000 times 3%)

Total Minimum Employer Cost = $6,000 + $1,050 = $7,050

By adopting this design, the employer’s cost is simply the mandatory $7,050 Safe Harbor Contribution, and $0 is required for corrective QNECs.

Part III: The Action Plan for Implementation

To implement this structure and guarantee your ability to use the Mega Backdoor Roth, you must take the following steps:

  1. Adopt the Plan Amendment: Ensure your 401(k) Plan Document is formally amended to include:
    • The 3% Safe Harbor Nonelective Contribution provision.
    • A provision allowing Voluntary Employee After-Tax Contributions (the MBDR source).
    • A provision allowing In-Plan Roth Conversions or In-Service Withdrawals of the after-tax money.
    • A provision explicitly removing all Employer Matching Contributions (if they currently exist).
  2. Notify Employees: Provide the required Safe Harbor notice to all eligible employees at least 30 days before the start of the new plan year.
  3. Execute the Mega Backdoor: Once the plan is in effect, the owner’s contribution strategy is:
    • Contribute the $31,000 (base + catch-up) as Roth Deferral through payroll.
    • Contribute the remaining $40,500 as a Voluntary After-Tax Contribution.
    • Immediately execute the In-Plan Roth Conversion or roll the $40,500 out to a personal Roth IRA to start tax-free growth immediately.

This simple, low-cost structure is the most effective way for small business owners to secure maximum personal retirement savings while maintaining full IRS compliance.

Disclaimer: The limits used are for the 2025 tax year. This article is for informational purposes only. Business owners should consult with a qualified third-party administrator (TPA) and tax advisor before implementing any changes to their retirement plan.

🚀 401(k) 计划最大化指南：以最低成本实现 77,500 美元的 Roth 账户缴款

作为企业主，您面临着一项独特的挑战：既要为您的团队提供有价值的退休福利，又要最大化您个人享有税收优惠的储蓄。当您的非高薪员工 (NHCE) 收入较低且选择不缴款时，您的计划将面临美国国税局 (IRS) 的强制性测试，这可能会限制您的缴款额度。

好消息是？有一种特定的 401(k) 计划设计可以合法地绕过这些限制，并保证您能够以最低的雇主成本实现最高的 Roth 账户储蓄——50 岁及以上的企业主最高可达 77,500 美元（2025 年的限额）。

以下是您优化 401(k) 计划的基本蓝图。

第一部分：企业主的缴款目标（77,500 美元的目标）

您的目标是最大化您对免税 Roth 账户的缴款。这需要利用“超级后门罗斯”策略，该策略使用三个缴款组成部分，且总缴款额必须控制在年度新增缴款总额上限之内（2025 年第 415 条款限额为 70,000 美元，50 岁及以上所有者可额外获得 7,500 美元的补缴缴款）。

缴款组成部分 来源 2025 年金额（所有者年龄 50 岁及以上） 用途 罗斯递延缴款（基本缴款 + 补缴缴款） 员工薪资 31,000 美元 达到年度递延缴款上限。 安全港缴款 雇主 6,000 美元（例如：3% × 20 万美元薪资） 确保合规的必要条件。 税后缴款 员工薪资 40,500 美元 “超级后门”缴款，填补 70,000 美元上限的空缺。 最高储蓄总额 77,500 美元 所有 77,500 美元均可转换为罗斯账户或指定为罗斯账户。

所有者的缴款目标是固定的——这是美国国税局 (IRS) 允许的最高限额。挑战在于如何确保计划通过非歧视性测试，同时避免强制低收入员工缴纳昂贵且不可预测的款项。

第二部分：最佳计划设计：“免责”方案

最大限度降低雇主成本的关键在于避免实际缴款比例 (ACP) 测试，该测试会限制所有者的税后缴款。

🔑 解决方案：3% 安全港非选择性缴款 (SHNEC)

为了在最大限度提高所有者缴款的同时实现尽可能低的雇主成本，您的计划必须按以下方式构建：

功能要求 工作原理 安全港选择 选择 3% 非选择性缴款 (SHNEC)。自动满足 ADP 测试（针对递延缴款）。 匹配缴款 不提供任何匹配缴款。这是关键步骤。如果没有匹配缴款，SHNEC 也将自动满足 ACP 测试，从而为您的 Mega Backdoor Roth 供款提供“免缴通行证”。QNEC 条款：请勿依赖 QNEC。由于 ACP 测试已自动满足，因此成本高昂的纠正性 QNEC 为 0 美元。

雇主最低成本的计算

雇主唯一强制性成本是 3% 的 SHNEC，适用于所有符合条件的员工（所有者和非 HCE），无论他们是否缴款。

以所有者年薪 20 万美元、非选择性员工年薪 3.5 万美元为例：

雇主最低总成本 = (所有者安全港缴款额) + (非选择性员工安全港缴款额)

雇主最低总成本 = (20 万美元 × 3%) + (3.5 万美元 × 3%)

雇主最低总成本 = 6,000 美元 + 1,050 美元 = 7,050 美元

采用此方案后，雇主的成本仅为强制性的 7,050 美元安全港缴款额，无需支付任何纠正性合格非选择性缴款额。

第三部分：实施行动计划

为实施此方案并确保您能够使用“超级后门罗斯”计划，您必须采取以下步骤：

采纳计划修正案：确保您的 401(k) 计划文件已正式修订，包含以下内容：

3% 安全港非选择性缴款条款。

允许员工自愿缴纳税后资金（即MBDR来源）的条款。

允许在计划内进行罗斯转换或在职期间提取税后资金的条款。

明确取消所有雇主匹配缴款（如果目前存在）的条款。

通知员工：在新计划年度开始前至少30天，向所有符合条件的员工提供所需的“安全港”通知。

执行“超级后门”计划：计划生效后，所有者的缴款策略如下：

通过工资单缴纳31,000美元（基本缴款+补缴款）作为罗斯递延缴款。

缴纳剩余的40,500美元作为自愿税后缴款。

立即执行计划内罗斯转换，或将40,500美元转入个人罗斯IRA账户，以立即开始免税增长。

这种简单、低成本的方案是小型企业主在确保完全符合美国国税局 (IRS) 规定的前提下，最大限度保障个人退休储蓄的最有效途径。

免责声明：本文所列限额适用于 2025 纳税年度。本文仅供参考。企业主在对退休计划进行任何更改之前，应咨询合格的第三方管理机构 (TPA) 和税务顾问。

Mega-Backdoor Roth – Part I

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

Xinyi Cindy Yu, CPA/CFP

Partner of CINDIE CPA and EliteCPA P.C. http://www.cindiecpa.com

Unlocking a Powerful Retirement Strategy: The Mega-Backdoor Roth 巨额后门 Roth

For high-income earners who have maxed out their traditional retirement accounts, the Mega-Backdoor Roth is an advanced strategy that can significantly increase tax-free savings for retirement. Unlike a standard Roth IRA, which has strict income limits, the Mega-Backdoor Roth leverages an often-overlooked feature in many 401(k) plans to allow for massive after-tax contributions that are then converted into a Roth account.

1. Eligibility: Who Can Use This Strategy?

The Mega-Backdoor Roth is not a universally available option. It hinges on the specific features of your employer-sponsored retirement plan. To be eligible, your 401(k), 403(b), or 457 plan must allow for two critical components:

  • After-Tax Contributions: Your plan must permit you to make after-tax contributions beyond the regular employee deferral limit (the standard pre-tax or Roth 401(k) contributions).
  • In-Service Distributions or Conversions: The plan must allow you to either take “in-service” distributions (withdrawals while you are still employed) of these after-tax funds or perform an “in-plan” conversion, moving the after-tax money directly into a Roth 401(k) within the same plan.

It is essential to check with your human resources department or plan administrator to confirm if these features are available in your plan. If your plan does not allow in-service distributions or conversions, you may have to wait until you leave your job to execute the conversion, which could result in a significant tax bill on any earnings that have accrued in the after-tax portion of your account.

2. The Flow of the Mega-Backdoor Roth

The process is a two-step maneuver that takes advantage of the total annual contribution limit for defined contribution plans. This limit is much higher than the employee elective deferral limit. Here is a step-by-step breakdown:

  1. Maximize Your Standard Contributions: First, you must max out your regular employee contributions to your 401(k). This can be a pre-tax or Roth 401(k) contribution, up to the annual limit ($23,500 in 2025, with higher catch-up limits for those age 50 and over).
  2. Make After-Tax Contributions: Once you have reached the employee deferral limit, you then make additional contributions to your 401(k) on an after-tax basis. The maximum you can contribute here is the difference between the total annual contribution limit for your plan ($70,000 in 2025) and the sum of your employee contributions and any employer contributions (e.g., matching funds).For example, if you contribute the maximum employee deferral of $23,500 and your employer matches $10,000, you could potentially contribute up to $36,500 ($70,000 – $23,500 – $10,000) in after-tax dollars.
  3. Perform the Conversion: The final and most crucial step is to convert the after-tax contributions into a Roth account. This is typically done as soon as possible after the contributions are made to minimize any investment gains in the after-tax portion, which would be taxable upon conversion. The conversion can be either:
    • To a Roth IRA: You roll the after-tax funds out of your 401(k) and into a separate Roth IRA.
    • To a Roth 401(k): If your plan offers an in-plan Roth conversion, you can move the funds into a Roth 401(k) within the same plan.

Once the funds are in a Roth account, they can grow tax-free, and qualified withdrawals in retirement will also be tax-free.

3. Mega-Backdoor Roth vs. Backdoor Roth IRA

While both strategies are designed to help high-income earners save more in Roth accounts, they target different contribution limits and mechanisms.

FeatureMega-Backdoor RothBackdoor Roth IRA
Primary GoalTo supercharge Roth savings using high 401(k) contribution limits.To bypass income limits for direct Roth IRA contributions.
Annual LimitThe total 401(k) contribution limit ($70,000 in 2025) minus employee and employer contributions.The annual IRA contribution limit ($7,000 in 2025).
MechanismMaking after-tax contributions to a 401(k) and converting them to a Roth IRA or Roth 401(k).Making a non-deductible contribution to a traditional IRA and converting it to a Roth IRA.
EligibilityDependent on specific 401(k) plan features (after-tax contributions and in-service distributions/conversions).Anyone with earned income, regardless of income level, as long as they don’t have pre-tax money in other traditional IRAs (due to the pro-rata rule).

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The key difference is the scale. A Backdoor Roth IRA allows a person to contribute a modest amount each year, whereas the Mega-Backdoor Roth can be used to funnel tens of thousands of dollars into a Roth account, making it a much more powerful tool for accumulating tax-free wealth.

4. Institutions Offering Mega-Backdoor Roth

The availability of a Mega-Backdoor Roth strategy is determined by your employer’s plan, not the financial institution itself. The plan provider simply facilitates the features that the employer has chosen to include. However, certain companies are well-known for offering this valuable benefit to their employees. This is a crucial detail to consider when evaluating a job offer, especially for high earners.

While a comprehensive list is difficult to maintain as plan details can change, major financial institutions that serve as 401(k) plan administrators, such as Fidelity Investments, Vanguard, and Charles Schwab, can often support the administrative functions required for a Mega-Backdoor Roth, provided the employer’s plan is set up to allow it.

Additionally, some specialized companies and financial advisors, like IRA Financial, focus on helping self-employed individuals and small business owners set up Solo 401(k) plans that are explicitly designed to enable the Mega-Backdoor Roth strategy.

Ultimately, whether you can use a Mega-Backdoor Roth is a matter of checking with your employer and ensuring your plan has the right features. If so, it can be a highly effective way to turbocharge your tax-free retirement savings.

For more details, please consult a tax professional. The presentation was prepared by Xinyi Cindy Yu, Partner at CINDIE and EliteCPA P.C., cindy.yu@cindiecpa.com, located at 200 Centennial Ave, Suite 106, Piscataway, NJ 08854

开启强大的退休策略：巨额后门 Roth

对于那些已经将传统退休账户存满的高收入人群来说，“巨额后门 Roth”（Mega-Backdoor Roth）是一种先进的策略，可以显著增加免税的退休储蓄。与有严格收入限制的标准 Roth IRA 不同，“巨额后门 Roth”利用许多 401(k) 计划中一个常被忽视的功能，允许进行大量的税后供款，然后将其转换到 Roth 账户中。

1. 资格：谁可以使用此策略？

“巨额后门 Roth”并非普遍可用的选项。它取决于你的雇主赞助的退休计划的具体功能。要符合资格，你的 401(k)、403(b) 或 457 计划必须允许两个关键组成部分：

  • 税后供款（After-Tax Contributions）： 你的计划必须允许你在常规员工供款限额（标准的税前或 Roth 401(k) 供款）之外，进行税后供款。
  • 在职分发或转换（In-Service Distributions or Conversions）： 该计划必须允许你提取这些税后资金的“在职分发”（即在职期间的提款），或执行“计划内转换”，将税后资金直接转入同一计划内的 Roth 401(k) 账户。

与你的人力资源部门或计划管理员确认这些功能是否在你的计划中可用至关重要。如果你的计划不允许在职分发或转换，你可能需要等到离职后才能执行转换，这可能会导致税后部分账户中产生的任何收益产生高额税单。

2. “巨额后门 Roth”的流程

这个过程是一个两步操作，利用了“固定供款计划”（defined contribution plans）的总年度供款上限。这个上限远高于员工自主供款的上限。以下是分步详解：

  1. 最大化标准供款： 首先，你必须将常规的 401(k) 员工供款存满。这可以是税前或 Roth 401(k) 供款，最高可达年度限额（2025 年为 $23,500，50 岁及以上的人有更高的追加供款限额）。
  2. 进行税后供款： 一旦达到员工供款限额，你就可以在税后基础上向你的 401(k) 进行额外供款。这里的最高供款额是你的计划总年度供款上限（2025 年为 $70,000）与你的员工供款和任何雇主供款（例如，匹配资金）之和的差额。 例如，如果你供款了最高员工供款额 $23,500，并且你的雇主匹配了 $10,000，那么你理论上可以供款高达 $36,500（$70,000 – $23,500 – $10,000）的税后资金。
  3. 执行转换： 最后、也是最关键的一步，是将税后供款转换成 Roth 账户。这通常在供款后尽快完成，以最小化税后部分产生的任何投资收益，因为这部分收益在转换时需要纳税。转换可以有以下两种方式：
    • 转入 Roth IRA： 你将税后资金从你的 401(k) 中转出，并转入一个独立的 Roth IRA。
    • 转入 Roth 401(k)： 如果你的计划提供“计划内 Roth 转换”功能，你可以将资金转入同一计划内的 Roth 401(k)。

一旦资金进入 Roth 账户，它们就可以免税增长，并且退休时的合格提款也将是免税的。

3. “巨额后门 Roth”与“后门 Roth IRA”的简要比较

虽然这两种策略都旨在帮助高收入人群在 Roth 账户中存入更多资金，但它们针对不同的供款限额和机制。

特征巨额后门 Roth后门 Roth IRA
主要目标利用高 401(k) 供款限额来大幅增加 Roth 储蓄。绕过 Roth IRA 直接供款的收入限制。
年度限额401(k) 总供款限额（2025 年为 $70,000）减去员工和雇主供款。年度 IRA 供款限额（2025 年为 $7,000）。
机制向 401(k) 进行税后供款，并将其转换为 Roth IRA 或 Roth 401(k)。向传统 IRA 进行不可抵扣供款，并将其转换为 Roth IRA。
资格取决于特定的 401(k) 计划功能（税后供款和在职分发/转换）。任何有劳动收入的人，无论收入水平如何，只要他们的其他传统 IRA 中没有税前资金（由于按比例分配规则）。

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主要区别在于规模。“后门 Roth IRA”每年允许供款适度的金额，而“巨额后门 Roth”可以用来将数万美元的资金存入 Roth 账户，使其成为一个积累免税财富的更强大工具。

4. 提供“巨额后门 Roth”的机构

“巨额后门 Roth”策略的可用性取决于你的雇主计划，而不是金融机构本身。计划提供商只是为雇主选择的功能提供便利。然而，一些公司因向其员工提供这一宝贵福利而闻名。这在评估工作机会时是一个重要的细节，特别是对于高收入者而言。

虽然由于计划细节可能随时更改，很难维护一个全面的列表，但一些主要的金融机构，如 Fidelity Investments、Vanguard 和 Charles Schwab，作为 401(k) 计划管理员，只要雇主的计划设置为允许，通常都可以支持“巨额后门 Roth”所需的管理功能。

此外，一些专业公司和金融顾问，如 IRA Financial，专注于帮助自雇人士和小型企业主建立 Solo 401(k) 计划，这些计划被明确设计来启用“巨额后门 Roth”策略。

总而言之，你是否可以使用“巨额后门 Roth”取决于你与雇主确认并确保你的计划具备正确的功能。如果具备，它将是大幅加速你的免税退休储蓄的非常有效的途径。

Simplified Small Business Accounting Policy

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

© 2025 Prepared by Xinyi Cindy Yu, CPA CFP MBA as a draft and starter for clients.

Simplified Small Business Accounting Policy

Effective Date: __________________[Insert Date]
Applies to: _____________________[Your Company Name]

1.  Purpose

This policy defines the accounting treatment for fixed assets, low-cost purchases, and employee fringe benefits, ensuring IRS compliance and maximizing available tax deductions and incentives.

** This policy needs to be updated each year with latest tax law requirements.

2.  Capitalization & Expense Policy

2.1 Capitalization Threshold

Assets costing $2,500 or more per unit will be capitalized and depreciated under IRS MACRS guidelines.

2.2 De Minimis Safe Harbor

Under Reg. §1.263(a)-1(f), items costing $2,500 or less per item/invoice will be expensed.
Applicable items: laptops, mobile devices, tools, furniture, software, etc.

2.3 Section 179 Expensing (2025)

  • Deduction limit: $1,220,000
  • Applies to tangible property used >50% for business
  • Limited by taxable income and phase-out thresholds

2.4 Bonus Depreciation (2025)

  • 60% immediate deduction for qualified assets
  • Remaining basis depreciated via MACRS
  • Automatically applied unless opted out

3.  Repairs & Maintenance

Routine maintenance costs that do not improve or extend asset life will be fully deductible as incurred.

4.  401(k) Safe Harbor & Profit Sharing Plan

The company may sponsor a qualified 401(k) plan with optional Safe Harbor and profit-sharing provisions.

4.1 Safe Harbor Contributions

  • Option 1: 3% non-elective to all eligible employees
  • Option 2: Match 100% of first 3% + 50% of next 2% deferred
  • Contributions are 100% vested immediately

4.2 Employee Deferral Limits (2025)

  • Up to $23,000 (under age 50)
  • Plus $7,500 catch-up for age 50+

4.3 Profit Sharing

  • Up to 25% of compensation (limit: $345,000)
  • Combined total (employee + employer) capped at:
    • $69,000 (or $76,500 with catch-up)

4.4 Vesting & Administration

  • Safe Harbor: fully vested
  • Profit sharing: may follow a graded schedule
  • Administered per IRS and ERISA rules with annual compliance testing

5. Employee Fringe Benefits

The company may offer tax-qualified fringe benefits, deductible by the company and often tax-free to employees.

5.1 Educational Assistance (IRC §127)

  • Up to $5,250/year per employee
  • Covers tuition, books, fees (not meals or lodging)
  • Requires a written plan

5.2 Job-Related Training

  • Fully deductible if it maintains/improves job skills
  • Examples: seminars, CPA/CPE, software courses
  • Must not qualify employee for a new trade or profession

5.3 Health & Fitness (IRC §132, §106)

  • Onsite gym: deductible and tax-free
  • Offsite memberships: generally not deductible unless included in a medical or taxable fringe program

5.4 Meals & Entertainment (IRC §274)

  • Meals for employer convenience:
    • 50% deductible (100% if de minimis or for company events)
  • Entertainment: not deductible

5.5 Commuter Benefits (IRC §132(f))

  • Monthly exclusion (2025):
    • $315 for parking
    • $315 for transit
  • Must be part of a qualified transportation plan

5.6.  Summary of Fringe Benefit Limits (2025)

Benefit TypeAnnual LimitDeductible?Tax-Free to Employee?
Educational Assistance$5,250✅ Yes✅ Yes
Job-Related TrainingNo limit✅ Yes✅ Yes
Onsite GymN/A (facility cost)✅ Yes✅ Yes
Offsite GymN/A⚠️ No*⚠️ No (unless taxable)
Transit / Parking$315/month ($3,780/year)✅ Yes✅ Yes
Meals (on premises)N/A✅ 50–100%✅ Sometimes

5.7. Documentation Requirements

To support deductions and IRS compliance, the company will maintain:

  • Receipts and vendor invoices
  • Proof of employee participation in eligible programs
  • Written plan documents (education, commuter benefits, etc.)
  • Payroll records for fringe benefit reporting (W-2 where applicable)

5.. Annual Election & Compliance

  • Each year, the company’s accountant or tax preparer will:
    – Elect De Minimis Safe Harbor with the federal tax return
    – File Form 4562 for Section 179 and depreciation schedules
    – Track all fringe benefits provided to employees
    – Ensure W-2 reporting for any taxable fringe benefits

6. Home Office Reimbursement Policy

The company may reimburse employees or owners for the business use of a home office, provided the space meets IRS criteria and reimbursement is made under an accountable plan.

6.1 IRS Qualification Criteria

– The space must be used **regularly and exclusively** for business.

– It must be the **principal place of business** or used to meet clients or perform administrative functions.

– A dedicated room or clearly defined portion of a room may qualify.

6.2 Reimbursement Methods

– The company may reimburse based on:

• The **Simplified Method**: $5 per square foot, up to 300 sq ft ($1,500/year max), or

• The **Actual Expense Method**: Based on the business-use percentage of eligible home expenses (e.g., rent, mortgage interest, utilities, insurance, repairs).

– Reimbursement is only allowed under an **accountable plan** with supporting documentation.

6.3 Documentation Requirements

– Employees/owners must submit:

• A written request with square footage or percentage used

• Utility bills, rent/mortgage statements, and other substantiating documents

• A signed declaration that the space is used exclusively and regularly for business

– Reimbursements will be excluded from employee income if properly documented.

7. Overall Documentation and Compliance

To support deductions and IRS compliance, the company will maintain:

  • Receipts and vendor invoices
  • Documentation for fringe benefits and reimbursements
  • Proof of employee participation in eligible programs
  • Written plan documents (education, commuter benefits, etc.)
  • Payroll records for fringe benefit reporting (W-2 where applicable) etc

Each year, the company’s tax preparer will:

  • Elect the De Minimis Safe Harbor on the tax return
  • File Form 4562 for Section 179 depreciation
  • Track and report applicable fringe benefits
  • Ensure proper W-2 reporting where required etc.

 

Acknowledgment

Approved By: ____________________
Title: ___________________________
Date: ___________________________

S Corporation vs a Single-Member LLC (disregarded entity) – Impact on Tax and Retirement Contribution

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

by Cindy Yu, CPA/CFP, Partner of CINDIE & EliteCPA

 http://www.cindiecpa.com  http://www.elitecpapc.com

Impact on the Taxes

To determine whether an S Corporation (S Corp) or a Single-Member LLC (disregarded entity) is more tax-advantageous to a business owner with $100,000 net income, let’s compare both from a U.S. federal tax perspective (assuming the owner is a U.S. resident individual):

📌 Summary Table:

FactorSingle-Member LLCS Corporation
Federal Tax TreatmentDisregarded entity – taxed as sole proprietorship on Schedule CPass-through entity – files Form 1120S, income reported on Schedule K-1
Self-Employment TaxApplies to entire $100,000Applies only to reasonable salary portion
Payroll SetupNot requiredRequired for owner-employee
Reasonable Salary Required❌ No✅ Yes
Distributions (no SE tax)❌ N/A✅ After salary, remaining profits can be distributed without SE tax
Additional Admin CostsLowHigher (payroll, extra tax filings, compliance)

💰 Tax Impact Comparison (Assuming $100,000 Net Income)

🔹 Single-Member LLC (default)

  • Self-Employment Tax (15.3%) on full $100,000:
    → ≈ $15,300
  • Federal Income Tax (assumed 22% for illustration):
    → ≈ $22,000
  • Total Estimated Taxes: ≈ $37,300

🔹 S Corporation (assume $60,000 salary, $40,000 distribution)

  • FICA Tax on $60,000 salary:
    → Employer + Employee share ≈ $9,180 (7.65% x 2)
  • No SE tax on $40,000 distribution
  • Federal Income Tax on full $100,000:
    → ≈ $22,000
  • Total Estimated Taxes: ≈ $31,180

🟢 Savings with S Corp:
≈ $6,000+ (mainly by avoiding SE tax on $40,000)

✅ When S Corp Is Better:

  • You’re earning $50K+ annually in net profit
  • You’re comfortable with payroll setup & compliance
  • You want to reduce self-employment tax legally

⚠️ Watch Out:

  • You must pay yourself a reasonable salary (IRS scrutiny)
  • Additional costs: payroll service, 1120S filing, possible state-level S corp fees
  • Some states tax S corps differently (e.g., California has a minimum S corp tax)

Impact on Retirement Plan Contribution

Adding a retirement plan contribution changes the comparison between an S Corp and a Single-Member LLC—especially when using self-employed retirement plans like a Solo 401(k) or a SEP IRA.

Let’s break it down:

✅ Overview of Retirement Contribution Options

Plan TypeSingle-Member LLC (Schedule C)S Corporation
Solo 401(k)Up to:
– $23,000 employee deferral (under age 50)
– + 20% of net SE income as employer contributionUp to:
– $23,000 employee deferral (W-2 salary)
– + 25% of W-2 salary as employer contribution
SEP IRAUp to 20% of net SE incomeUp to 25% of W-2 salary

Assumes 2025 IRS contribution limits; age < 50.

💰 Example Scenario: $100,000 Net Business Income

Let’s assume:

  • Under 50 years old
  • You want to contribute the maximum retirement amount
  • You’re the only employee/owner

🔹 Single-Member LLC (Disregarded Entity)

  • Net Schedule C income: $100,000
  • Adjust for 1/2 SE tax: ~$92,350
  • Solo 401(k):
    • $23,000 (employee)
      • ~$18,470 (20% of adjusted SE income)
  • Total Retirement Contribution: ≈ $41,470
  • Tax deduction reduces income subject to SE and income tax
  • SE tax still applies to full net income

🧮 Estimated tax savings:

  • Reduces taxable income to ≈ $58,530
  • Self-employment tax ≈ $14,000
  • Federal income tax ≈ $12,800
  • Total taxes ≈ $26,800
  • With $41,470 in retirement savings

🔹 S Corporation (Assume $60,000 salary, $40,000 distribution)

  • Solo 401(k):
    • $23,000 (employee deferral)
      • $15,000 (25% of $60,000 salary)
  • Total Contribution: $38,000
  • Retirement contribution is a corporate deduction (lowers net corp income)
  • SE tax (FICA) applies only to $60,000 salary: ≈ $9,180
  • Federal income tax applies to full $100K, but K-1 income drops to ≈ $22K
  • Total taxes ≈ $24,180
  • With $38,000 in retirement savings

🔍 Tax Comparison Summary with Retirement Contribution

MetricSingle-Member LLCS Corp
Total Retirement Contribution~$41,470~$38,000
Self-Employment / FICA Tax~$14,000~$9,180
Income Tax (est. 22%)~$12,800~$15,000
Total Tax Liability≈ $26,800≈ $24,180
Net Advantage✅ ~$2,600 saved

🧾 Final Conclusion:

  • S Corp still has a slight edge in overall tax savings due to lower SE tax.
  • LLC can make slightly larger retirement contributions (due to including net business income instead of W-2 limits).
  • If maximizing retirement savings is your #1 goal, LLC wins by ~$3,470 in contribution room.
  • If reducing total tax liability is the goal, S Corp wins by ~$2,600.

OBBBA One Big Beautiful Bill Act -Higher Income Bracket Impact

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

大而美法案 – 收入高一点的影响

by Cindy Yu, CPA/CFP, Partner of CINDIE & EliteCPA http://www.cindiecpa.com http://www.elitecpapc.com

The OBBBA aims to make several Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) provisions permanent and introduces new deductions and adjusted thresholds, while also ending certain energy-related tax credits. For high-income earners, the focus remains on navigating complex deduction limitations and understanding bracket adjustments.

1. Income Inclusion:

  • Foreign Earned Income Exclusion: The maximum exclusion amount is adjusted annually for inflation. For 2025, it remains $126,500. This can be significant for clients with international income.
  • Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT): The 3.8% NIIT on investment income remains for individuals with Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) above $200,000 (Single) or $250,000 (Married Filing Jointly).

2. Deduction Changes (Increase, Decrease, or Demolish):

  • Standard Deduction: Permanently extended at higher levels from TCJA.
    • 2025 Standard Deduction Amounts:
      • Single/Married Filing Separately: $15,750 (up from $14,600 in 2024)
      • Married Filing Jointly/Qualifying Widow(er): $31,500 (up from $29,200 in 2024)
      • Head of Household: $23,625 (up from $21,900 in 2024)
    • Additional Standard Deduction (Seniors): A new extra deduction of $6,000 per senior (age 65+) is available from 2025-2028 ($12,000 for qualified couples), phasing out at $75K MAGI (single) and $150K (joint). This is in addition to the existing additional standard deduction for age/blindness ($2,000 for single/HOH, $1,600 for MFJ/MFS per qualifying individual in 2025).
  • State and Local Tax (SALT) Deduction Cap: Temporarily raised to $40,000 (from $10,000) for taxpayers earning under $500,000, through 2029. This provides increased deductibility for high earners in high-tax states, though the phase-out begins at $500,000 MAGI (single) and $600,000 (joint).
  • New Deductions (2025-2028):
    • Qualified Tip Income: Up to $25,000 deduction per filer, phasing out at $150K MAGI (single) and $300K (joint).
    • Overtime Pay: Capped at $12,500 (single) / $25,000 (joint), with the same phase-outs as tip income.
    • Auto Loan Interest: Up to $10,000 per year for interest on loans for U.S.-assembled vehicles taken after 2024, phasing out at $100K/$200K income.
    • Charitable Contributions (Non-Itemizers): A new above-the-line deduction of $150 (single) / $300 (married) for those not itemizing.
  • Qualified Business Income (QBI) Deduction (Section 199A): Permanently extended and expanded to 23% (from 20%) for pass-through business income. Rules limiting the deduction for high-income taxpayers have been eased.
  • Personal Exemptions: Permanently repealed (were scheduled to return in 2026).
  • Mortgage Interest Deduction: The limitation on mortgage interest indebtedness allowed for the deduction remains at $750,000 (permanently extended).

3. Lost Tax Credits and Additional Tax Credits:

  • Lost/Expiring Credits (Effective after December 31, 2025):
    • Residential Clean Energy Credit (e.g., solar panels, wind, geothermal, battery storage systems)
    • Energy-Efficient Home Improvement Credit
    • New Energy Efficient Home Credit
    • Investment Tax Credit for Solar & Wind
  • Child Tax Credit (CTC): Permanently extends the $2,000 per child credit amount. Also, provides a temporary $500 per child boost (max $2,500) from 2025-2028. The refundable amount (currently $1,700 per child) is permanently extended and adjusted for inflation. Phase-out remains at $200,000 (single) and $400,000 (married).
  • Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): Income limits and maximum credit amounts are adjusted annually for inflation. While primarily benefiting lower and moderate-income taxpayers, some higher earners may still qualify for a partial credit depending on dependents and specific income levels.

4. Tax Rate Changes:

  • Permanent TCJA Brackets: The current federal income tax rates (10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%) are made permanent for 2025 and future years. This avoids the scheduled reversion to higher pre-TCJA rates.
  • Inflation Adjustment: Tax brackets are adjusted annually for inflation. The IRS will announce the exact 2026 inflation-adjusted income ranges later this year.
  • Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT): Higher AMT exemption amounts and thresholds are permanently extended, reducing the likelihood of high-income taxpayers being subject to AMT.

5. Example of Taxable Income of $300,000 (Married Filing Jointly – 2025):

  • Assumptions:
    • Married Filing Jointly
    • Taxable Income: $300,000
    • No unusual deductions or credits beyond standard calculation for illustration
    • No children
    • Under 65 and not blind
    • No new specific deductions (tip, overtime, auto loan) to simplify
  • 2025 Marginal Tax Brackets (Married Filing Jointly):
    • 10%: $0 to $23,850
    • 12%: $23,851 to $96,950
    • 22%: $96,951 to $206,700
    • 24%: $206,701 to $340,100
  • Tax Calculation for $300,000 Taxable Income (MFJ):
    • 10% Bracket: $23,850 * 0.10 = $2,385.00
    • 12% Bracket: ($96,950 – $23,850) * 0.12 = $73,100 * 0.12 = $8,772.00
    • 22% Bracket: ($206,700 – $96,950) * 0.22 = $109,750 * 0.22 = $24,145.00
    • 24% Bracket: ($300,000 – $206,700) * 0.24 = $93,300 * 0.24 = $22,392.00
    • Effective Tax Rate: ($57,694.00 / $300,000) * 100% = 19.23%

Disclaimer: This is a simplified summary. Individual tax situations vary greatly. Clients should consult with their tax professional for personalized advice based on their specific financial circumstances. Tax laws are subject to change.

新法案引入了新的扣除额和调整后的门槛，同时终止了某些能源相关的税收抵免。对于高收入者，重点仍然是了解复杂的扣除额限制和税级调整。

  1. 收入：
  • 海外收入免税额：最高免税额每年根据通货膨胀率进行调整。2025 年，最高免税额仍为 126,500 美元。这对于拥有国际收入的客户来说意义重大。
  • 净投资所得税 (NIIT)：对于调整后总收入 (MAGI) 超过 200,000 美元（单身）或 250,000 美元（已婚联合申报）的个人，投资收入仍需缴纳 3.8% 的 NIIT。
  1. 扣除额变化（增加、减少或取消）：

标准扣除额：从 TCJA 开始，永久延长至更高水平。

2025 年标准扣除额：

  • 单身/已婚分开申报：15,750 美元（2024 年为 14,600 美元）
  • 已婚联合申报/符合条件的丧偶者：31,500 美元（2024 年为 29,200 美元）
  • 户主：23,625 美元（2024 年为 21,900 美元）
  • 额外标准扣除额（老年人）：2025 年至 2028 年期间，每位老年人（65 岁以上）可享受 6,000 美元的额外扣除额（符合条件的夫妇为 12,000 美元），单身 MAGI 达到 7.5 万美元，联合申报 MAGI 达到 15 万美元时，将逐步取消。这是对现有年龄/失明额外标准扣除额的补充（2025年，每位符合条件的个人，单身/HOH 为 2,000 美元，MFJ/MFS 为 1,600 美元）。
  • 州和地方税 (SALT) 扣除上限：对于收入低于 500,000 美元的纳税人，暂时提高至 40,000 美元（从 10,000 美元起），直至 2029 年。这为高税州的高收入者提供了更高的扣除额，但从 500,000 美元的 MAGI（单身）和 600,000 美元的 MAGI（夫妻双方）开始逐步取消。

新的扣除额（2025-2028）：

  • 合格小费收入：每位申报人最高可扣除 25,000 美元，从 150,000 美元的 MAGI（单身）和 300,000 美元的 MAGI（夫妻双方）开始逐步取消。
  • 加班费：最高抵扣额为 12,500 美元（单身）/ 25,000 美元（夫妻双方），与小费收入相同，逐步取消。
  • 汽车贷款利息：2024 年后购买美国组装汽车的贷款利息，每年最高抵扣额为 10,000 美元，收入达到 10 万/20 万美元时逐步取消。
  • 慈善捐款（非逐项申报者）：新增一项高于标准的抵扣额，对于未逐项申报者，单身人士可抵扣 150 美元，已婚人士可抵扣 300 美元。
  • 合格商业收入 (QBI) 抵扣（第 199A 条）：永久延长，并将直通商业收入的抵扣率从 20% 提高至 23%。限制高收入纳税人抵扣的规定已放宽。
  • 个人免税额：永久废除（原定于 2026 年恢复）。
  • 抵押贷款利息抵免：允许抵免的抵押贷款利息债务限额仍为 75 万美元（永久延长）。
  1. 已失效的税收抵免和额外税收抵免：

已失效/到期的抵免（2025 年 12 月 31 日后生效）：

  • 住宅清洁能源抵免（例如，太阳能电池板、风能、地热能、电池储能系统）
  • 节能家居改造抵免
  • 新型节能住宅抵免
  • 太阳能和风能投资税收抵免
  • 儿童税收抵免 (CTC)：永久延长每名儿童 2,000 美元的抵免额度。此外，在 2025 年至 2028 年期间，每名儿童提供 500 美元的临时补助（最高 2,500 美元）。可退还的金额（目前为每名儿童 1,700 美元）将永久延长，并根据通货膨胀进行调整。逐步取消的门槛仍为 20 万美元（单身）和 40 万美元（已婚）。
  • 劳动所得税抵免 (EITC)：收入限额和最高抵免额每年根据通货膨胀进行调整。虽然主要惠及低收入和中等收入纳税人，但部分高收入者仍可能有资格获得部分抵免，具体取决于受抚养人的情况和具体收入水平。
  1. 税率变化：
  • 永久性 TCJA 税级：现行联邦所得税税率（10%、12%、22%、24%、32%、35% 和 37%）将在 2025 年及以后永久生效。这避免了按计划恢复到 TCJA 生效前的较高税率。
  • 通货膨胀调整：税级每年根据通货膨胀进行调整。美国国税局 (IRS) 将于今年晚些时候公布 2026 年经通货膨胀调整后的具体收入范围。
  • 替代性最低税 (AMT)：更高的 AMT 免税额和起征点将永久延长，从而降低高收入纳税人缴纳 AMT 的可能性。
  1. 30万美元应税收入示例（夫妻联合申报 – 2025年）：

假设：

  • 夫妻联合申报
  • 应税收入：30万美元
  • 除标准计算外，无特殊扣除或抵免
  • 无子女
  • 未满65岁且非盲人
  • 无新的特定扣除项目（例如小费、加班费、汽车贷款）以简化计算

2025年边际税率（夫妻联合申报）：

  • 10%：0美元至23,850美元
  • 12%：23,851美元至96,950美元
  • 22%：96,951美元至206,700美元
  • 24%：206,701美元至340,100美元

30万美元应税收入（MFJ）的税务计算：

  • 10%税率： $23,850 * 0.10 = $2,385.00
  • 12% 税率：$96,950 – $23,850) * 0.12 = $73,100 * 0.12 = $8,772.00
  • 22% 税率：$206,700 – $96,950) * 0.22 = $109,750 * 0.22 = $24,145.00
  • 24% 税率：$300,000 – $206,700) * 0.24 = $93,300 * 0.24 = $22,392.00
  • 有效税率：（$57,694.00 / $300,000）* 100% = 19.23%

Q3 Estimated Tax Payment Amount

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

And Year-round tax planning tips for taxpayers from IRS

by CINDIE http://www.cindiellc.com

Please review your YTD income in addition to your W2 income. Please consider 1) how much tax was paid in last year 2) how much tax you might owe on the additional income. A 20% on additional income for federal and 8% for state might be a safe net for potential estimated tax penalty and interests.

Here are some simple things taxpayers can do throughout the year to make next filing season less stressful.

Organize tax records. Create a system that keeps all important information together. Taxpayers can use a software program for electronic recordkeeping or store paper documents in clearly labeled folders. They should add tax records to their files as they receive them. Organized records will make tax return preparation easier and may help taxpayers discover overlooked deductions or credits.

Check withholding. Since federal taxes operate on a pay-as-you-go basis, taxpayers need to pay most of their tax as they earn income. Taxpayers should check that they’re withholding enough from their pay to cover their taxes owed, especially if their personal or financial situations change during the year. To check withholding, taxpayers can use the IRS Tax Withholding Estimator. If they want to change their tax withholding, taxpayers should provide their employer with an updated Form W-4.

Save for retirement. Saving for retirement can also lower a taxpayer’s AGI. Certain contributions to a retirement plan at work and to a traditional IRA may also reduce taxable income.

Source: IRS Issue Number:  Tax Tip 2025-38

第三季度预计纳税额 以及美国国税局为纳税人提供的全年税务规划建议

除了 W2 收入外，请检查您的 YTD 收入。请考虑 1) 去年缴纳了多少税款 2) 您可能欠这笔额外收入多少税款。联邦额外收入 20% 的税率和州额外收入 8% 的税率，或许可以有效规避潜在的预估税罚款和利息。

以下是纳税人全年可以做的一些简单的事情，以减轻下一个报税季的压力。

整理税务记录。创建一个将所有重要信息汇总在一起的系统。纳税人可以使用软件程序进行电子记录保存，或将纸质文件存放在标签清晰的文件夹中。他们应该在收到税务记录后立即将其添加到文件中。整理好的记录将使纳税申报表的准备工作更加轻松，并可能帮助纳税人发现被忽视的扣除额或抵免额。

检查预扣税。由于联邦税采用现收现付制，纳税人需要在赚取收入时缴纳大部分税款。纳税人应检查自己是否从工资中预扣了足够的税款来支付所欠税款，尤其是在个人或财务状况在一年中发生变化的情况下。要检查预扣税，纳税人可以使用美国国税局预扣税估算器。如果纳税人想要更改预扣税，应向雇主提供更新后的 W-4 表格。

为退休储蓄。为退休储蓄还可以降低纳税人的调整总收入 (AGI)。对工作退休计划和传统 IRA 的某些贡献也可能减少应税收入。

NY/NYC PTE Election, Benefits and Timing

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

New York State (NYS) and New York City (NYC) have implemented optional Pass-Through Entity Taxes (PTET) to help S corporations and other pass-through entities mitigate the federal $10,000 cap on state and local tax (SALT) deductions. By electing to pay taxes at the entity level, these businesses can provide their owners with a federal deduction for state and local taxes that would otherwise be limited.

New York State PTET:

  • Eligibility: Available to partnerships and New York S corporations for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2021.
  • Benefits: Electing entities pay income tax at the entity level, allowing individual partners or shareholders to claim a PTET credit on their NYS personal income tax returns. This structure effectively bypasses the federal SALT deduction cap, enabling full deduction of state taxes at the federal level.

New York City PTET:

  • Eligibility: Available to city partnerships and city resident New York S corporations for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
  • Benefits: Similar to the state-level PTET, the NYC PTET allows electing entities to pay city taxes at the entity level. Shareholders who are NYC residents can then claim a credit against their NYC personal income tax liability, reducing their taxable income federally and circumventing the SALT deduction cap.

Considerations:

  • Election Process: The PTET election must be made annually and is irrevocable for that tax year once made. tax.ny.gov
  • Nonresident Implications: Nonresident partners or shareholders do not benefit from the NYC PTET, as the credit applies only to NYC residents.
  • Federal Deduction: By paying taxes at the entity level, the business can deduct these taxes federally, effectively working around the $10,000 SALT cap imposed on individual taxpayers. nysscpa.org

Electing into the NYS and NYC PTET can provide significant tax benefits by allowing S corporations to fully deduct state and local taxes at the federal level, thereby reducing overall tax liability.

Election Timing Requirements:

As of February 2025, the deadline for electing into the New York State (NYS) Pass-Through Entity Tax (PTET) for the 2025 tax year is March 15, 2025. This election must be made annually through the entity’s Business Online Services account. tax.ny.gov

However, there is proposed legislation under consideration that aims to extend the PTET election deadline to September 15 of the tax year. If enacted, this change would provide entities with additional time to assess their financial positions before making the election. taxnews.ey.com

It’s important to note that, as of now, this extension has not been finalized. Therefore, entities should plan to make their PTET election by the current deadline of March 15, 2025.

For the New York City (NYC) PTET, the election process and deadlines align with those of the NYS PTET. Eligible entities must opt in by March 15, 2025, through their Business Online Services account. tax.ny.gov

Given the potential for legislative changes, it’s advisable to consult with a tax professional or regularly check the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance website for the most current information regarding PTET election deadlines.

IRS Audit Triggers IRS 审计

Cindy Yu, Managing Partner of CPG, CINDIE Professional Group , , , ,

You may contact Us if you receive an IRS audit letter:
Main Address: 200 Centennial Avenue, Suite 106, Piscataway, NJ 08854
Florida office: 14767 Lattice Ct, Jacksonville FL3226
Phone: (732) 896-0272 Email: cpa@cindiellc.com

What Triggers an IRS Audit? The IRS uses sophisticated computer algorithms to decide on which returns to audit. If your return looks strange, your chances of being audited go way up. Here are some reasons the IRS might audit you:

  1. Taking Large Deductions – Returns with extremely large deductions in relation to income are more likely to be audited. For example, if your tax return shows that you earn $25,000, you are more likely to be audited if you claim $20,000 in deductions than if you claim $2,000.
  2. Claiming Certain Kinds of Deductions – Certain types of deductions have long been thought to be hot buttons for the IRS, especially auto, travel, and meal expenses. Casualty losses and bad debt deductions might also increase your audit chances.
  3. Claiming a Business Loss – Businesses that show losses are more likely to be audited, especially if the losses are recurring. The IRS might suspect that you must be making more money than you’re reporting—otherwise, why would you stay in business? Most likely to be audited are taxpayers reporting small business losses.
  4. Claiming Deductions That Don’t Make Sense – Deductions that seem odd or out of character could increase your audit chances, like a plumber who deducts the cost of foreign travel might raise a few eyebrows at the IRS.
  5. Not Reporting All of Your Income – The IRS also goes to great lengths to ensure you report all of your income. Its computers match the information on W-2s and 1099-NEC forms with the income amount reported on tax returns using Social Security and other identifying numbers. If the IRS finds discrepancies, it will probably start asking questions.
  6. Having Evidence of Intent to Mislead or Being Sloppy With Your Return
    Filing a tax return with missing schedules or not providing all the information asked for on the forms can increase your chances of being audited. Similarly, a sloppy return, especially with math mistakes, increases your chances of an audit. Also, using round numbers—for example, $6,000 for business advertising costs or $4,000 for transportation expenses—indicates that you’re estimating, not using records to report amounts.
  7. Being a Higher Earner – If you make over $500,000 per year, your audit likelihood is greater than the likelihood for the general population. As shown in the chart above, 0.7% of filers who earned between $500,000 and $1,000,000 were audited. So, Can I Get Away With Cheating on My Taxes? Even if you earn far less than $500,000, don’t think that you can easily get away with cheating on your taxes. (See “Are Increased IRS Audits Coming?” below.)
  8. Having Self-Employment Income – The IRS tends to be suspicious of people in business for themselves. Depending on their income, sole proprietors are up to five times more likely to be audited than wage earners.
  9. Having Foreign Accounts – Keeping money or other assets in foreign banks or other financial accounts increases audit chances.
  10. Owning Digital Assets – Having digital assets, including cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin, might increase your chances of an audit. IRS Form 1040 asks whether you received, sold, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of a digital asset during the year. If you say “yes,” your answer increases your audit chances.
  11. Claiming Too Many Charitable Deductions – Claiming $20,000 in charitable deductions on your $50,000 salary will probably make the IRS suspicious. And if you don’t have documentation to back up your charitable deductions, don’t deduct them.

什么会触发 IRS 审计？
IRS 使用复杂的计算机算法来决定审计哪些申报表。如果您的申报表看起来很奇怪，您被审计的可能性就会大大增加。以下是 IRS 可能对您进行审计的 11 个原因。

  • 扣除大额 – 扣除额与收入相关的金额非常大的纳税申报表更有可能被审计。例如，如果您的纳税申报表显示您的收入为 25,000 美元，那么如果您申报扣除额为 20,000 美元，那么您被审计的可能性要高于申报扣除额为 2,000 美元的情况。
  • 申报某些类型的扣除额 – 长期以来，某些类型的扣除额一直被认为是 IRS 的热门话题，尤其是汽车、旅行和餐费。意外损失和坏账扣除额也可能增加您的审计机会。
  • 申报企业亏损 – 显示亏损的企业更有可能被审计，尤其是如果亏损是经常性的。IRS 可能会怀疑您赚的钱一定比您申报的要多——否则，您为什么要继续经营下去？最有可能被审计的是申报小企业亏损的纳税人。
  • 申报不合理的扣除额 – 看起来奇怪或不合常理的扣除额可能会增加您被审计的机会，例如，扣除国外旅行费用的水管工可能会引起国税局的怀疑。
  • 不报告您的全部收入 – 国税局也会不遗余力地确保您报告所有收入。其计算机会将 W-2 和 1099-NEC 表格上的信息与使用社会保障和其他识别号码的纳税申报单上报告的收入金额进行匹配。如果国税局发现差异，它可能会开始提出质疑。
  • 有证据表明有意误导或申报表草率
    提交缺少时间表的纳税申报表或未提供表格上要求的所有信息可能会增加您被审计的机会。同样，草率的申报表（尤其是有数学错误）会增加您被审计的机会。此外，使用整数（例如，商业广告费用为 6,000 美元或交通费用为 4,000 美元）表明您正在估算，而不是使用记录来报告金额。
  • 收入较高 – 如果您每年的收入超过 500,000 美元，那么您被审计的可能性就大于一般人群。如上图所示，收入在 500,000 美元至 1,000,000 美元之间的纳税人中有 0.7% 被审计过。那么，我能逃税吗？即使您的收入远低于 500,000 美元，也不要认为您可以轻易逃税。（请参阅下面的“国税局审计是否会增加？”。）
  • 拥有自营职业收入 – 国税局倾向于怀疑为自己做生意的人。根据他们的收入，独资经营者被审计的可能性比工薪阶层高出五倍。
  • 拥有外国账户 – 在外国银行或其他金融账户中存钱或其他资产会增加被审计的机会。
  • 拥有数字资产 – 拥有数字资产（包括比特币等加密货币）可能会增加被审计的机会。IRS 表格 1040 会询问您是否在一年内收到、出售、交换或以其他方式处置了数字资产。如果您回答“是”，您的答案会增加被审计的机会。
  • 申报过多慈善扣除 – 在您的 50,000 美元薪水中申报 20,000 美元的慈善扣除可能会引起 IRS 的怀疑。如果您没有文件支持您的慈善扣除，请不要扣除。

Credit to source: https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/irs-tax-audits-